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Edward Wadie Said ((:wædiːʕ sæʕiːd) (アラビア語:إدوارد وديع سعيد), ; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a literary theoretician, professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University, and a public intellectual who was a founder of Post-colonialism.〔Robert Young, ''White Mythologies: Writing History and the West'', New York & London: Routledge, 1990.〕 Edward W. Said was an Israeli Arab born in the Jerusalem city of Mandatory Palestine (1920–48), and was an American citizen by way of his father, Wadir Said, a U.S. Army-veteran of the First World War (1914–18);〔“Between Worlds”, ''Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays'' (2002) p. 556.〕 as such, Said publicly advocated for the political and human rights of the Palestinian nation.〔Robert Fisk, ("Why Bombing Ashkelon is the Most Tragic Irony" ), ''The Independent'', 12 December 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.〕 As a cultural critic, Said is known for the book ''Orientalism'' (1978), a critical analysis of the culturally inaccurate representations that are the bases of Orientalism — the Western study of the Eastern world that presents how Westerners perceive and represent Orientals. That because Orientalist scholarship was and remains inextricably tied to the imperialist societies that produced it, much of the work is inherently political and servile to power, and so is intellectually suspect. The thesis of ''Orientalism'' is the politics of discourse applied to the Middle East; the Orientalist discourse arises from a particular, political culture — defined by the presuppositions of the political culture — which, in turn, shape the political culture and the political culture of the subject area. The analytical model of ''Orientalism'' much influenced the humanities (e.g. literary theory and literary criticism)〔“Between Worlds”, ''Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays'' (2002) pp. 561, 565.〕 and especially the field of Middle Eastern studies, where it transformed the academic discourse of the researchers — how they examine, describe, and define the cultures of the Middle East.〔Stephen Howe, (“Dangerous mind?” ), ''New Humanist'', Vol. 123, November/December 2008.〕 Nonetheless, some academic historians disagreed with the thesis of ''Orientalism'', especially the Anglo–American Orientalist and historian Bernard Lewis.〔Oleg Grabar, Edward Saïd, Bernard Lewis, (“Orientalism: An Exchange” ), ''New York Review of Books'', Vol. 29, No. 13. 12 August 1982. Accessed 4 January 2010.〕''Orientalism'' derived from Said’s knowledge of colonial literature, such as that of Joseph Conrad; the literary theories of R. P. Blackmur and Raymond Williams; the post-structuralist theories of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida; and the critical works of Giambattista Vico, Antonio Gramsci, and Theodor Adorno. The intellectual formation of Edward Said was an education in the Western canon (British and American) imparted in Egypt and in the U.S. About that cosmopolitan schooling and education, in the autobiography ''Out of Place'' (1999), Said said he applied his cultural heritages to narrowing the perceptual gaps of political and cultural understanding between The West and the Middle East; to improve Western understanding of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict; and tells how a decade-long membership in the Palestinian National Council made him a controversial public intellectual.〔Andrew N. Rubin, ("Edward W. Said" ), ''Arab Studies Quarterly'', Fall 2004: p. 1. Accessed 5 January 2010.〕 Drawing from the experiences of his family as Palestinian Christians in the Middle East at the time of the establishment of the State of Israel (1948), Said argued for the establishment of a Palestinian state to ensure equal political and human rights for the Palestinians in Israel, including the right of return, by way of U.S. political pressure upon Israel to recognize, grant, and respect said human rights. In that vein, Said also criticized the political and cultural policies of the Arab and Muslim régimes who acted against the national interests of their peoples.〔Richard Bernstein, (“Edward Saïd, Literary Critic and Advocate for Palestinian Independence, Dies at 67” ), ''The New York Times''. 26 September 2003. Accessed 5 January 2010.〕 In 1999, with his friend Daniel Barenboim, Edward Said co-founded the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra, based in Seville, which comprises young Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab musicians. Moreover, besides being a Renaissance Man, Said was an accomplished pianist; and, with Barenboim, co-authored the book ''Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society'' (2002), a compilation of their conversations about music.〔Democracy Now!, ("Edward Saïd Archive" ), DemocracyNow.org, 2003. Accessed 4 January 2010.〕 Edward Wadie Said died of leukæmia in late September 2003, yet remained intellectually active in the last months of his life, as indicated in the “Interview with Edward Said” (2001), in which David Barsmanian epitomised Edward Said as the public intellectual in opposition to the ''status quo'' whose remit is “to sift, to judge, to criticize, () to choose, so that choice and agency return to the individual (and woman )”; and that Said’s ideal community does not exalt “commodified interests and profitable commercial goals”, but value “survivability and sustainability in a human and decent way”, yet acknowledged that “those are difficult goals to achieve. But I think they are achievable.”〔http://www.progressive.org/0901/intv1101.html〕 ==Biography== ;Early life Edward Wadie Said was born on 1 November 1935, to Hilda Said and her husband Wadir Said, a businessman, in the Jerusalem city of the British Mandate of Palestine (1920–48). Wadir Said was a Palestinian man who soldiered in the U.S. Army component of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF, 1917–19), commanded by General John J. Pershing, in the First World War (1914–18); that war-time military service granted Said ''père'' U.S. citizenship to him and to his family Post–War, in 1919, in Cairo, Wadir Said established a stationery business, in partnership with a cousin. Like her husband, Hilda Said was an Arab Christian, born in Nazareth, Palestine. Although the Said family practised the Jerusalemite variety of Greek Orthodox Christianity, Edward was agnostic; his sister Rosemarie Saïd Zahlan (1937–2006) also pursued an academic career.〔Amritjit Singh, ''Interviews With Edward W. Saïd'' (Oxford: UP of Mississippi, 2004) 19 & 219.〕〔Edward Saïd, ''(Defamation, Revisionist Style )'', ''CounterPunch'', 1999. Accessed 7 February 2010.〕 ;At school Autobiographically, Edward W. Said described a boy’s life lived “between worlds”, in Cairo (Egypt) and in Jerusalem (Palestine), until he was a young man of twelve years.〔 In 1947, Said attended the Anglican St. George’s School, Jerusalem, about which experience he said: In the late 1940s, the latter school days of Edward Said included the Egyptian branch of Victoria College (VC), where one classmate was Michel Shaloub (later the actor Omar Sharif) whom he remembered as a sadistic and physically abusive Head Boy; other classmates included King Hussein of Jordan, and Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, and Saudi Arabian boys whose academic careers progressed to their becoming ministers, prime ministers, and leading businessmen of and in their respective countries. In that colonial time, the VC school educated a selection of Arab and Levantine lads to become the Anglicized ruling-class who, in due course of their careers, were to rule their respective countries, upon British decolonization and withdrawal to Motherland Britannia. In the event, Victoria College was the last school Edward Said attended before being sent to school in the U.S.: Despite acute intelligence and academic superiority, Edward Said proved a troublesome student and was expelled from Victoria College in 1951, then was sent from Egypt to the eastern U.S. and deposited to the Northfield Mount Hermon School, Massachusetts, a socially élite, college-prep boarding-school where he endured a psychologically difficult year of feeling out of place. Nonetheless, Said excelled academically, and achieved the rank of either first (valedectorian) or second (salutatarian) in a class of one hundred sixty students.〔 In retrospect, having been sent away so far from the Middle East was a parental decision much influenced by “the prospects of deracinated people, like us, being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible”.〔 The realities of a peripatetic life — of interwoven cultures, of feeling out of place, and of being far from home — affected the schoolboy Said to the degree that, in adult life, the themes of dissonance continually arose in the academic, political, and intellectual works wrote.〔 In the event, Edward Said matured into an intellectual — a polyglot young man, fluent in the English, French, and Arabic languages, who earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University (1957), then a Master of Arts degree (1960), and a Doctor of Philosophy degree (1964) in English Literature, from Harvard University.〔Edward Saïd, ''Out of Place'', Vintage Books, 1999: pp. 82–83.〕〔Encyclopædia Britannica Online, (''Edward Saïd'' ), accessed 3 January 2010.〕 ;Career In 1963, Edward W. Said joined Columbia University, as a member of the faculties of the department of English and of the department of Comparative Literature, where he taught and worked until 2003. In 1974, he was Visiting Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard College; in the 1975–76 biennium he was a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science, at Stanford University; in 1977, he was the Parr Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, and subsequently was the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities; and, in 1979, he was Visiting Professor of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University.〔LA Jews For Peace, (''The Question of Palestine'' by Edward Saïd. (1997) ) ''Books on the Israel–Palestinian Conflict — Annotated Bibliography'', accessed 3 January 2010.〕 As a peripatetic academic, Said also worked as a visiting professor at Yale University, and lectured at other universities.〔Dr. Farooq, (''Study Resource Page'' ), Global Web Post, accessed on 3 January 2010.〕 In 1992, Said was promoted to “Professor”, the highest-rank academic job at Columbia University.〔Columbia University Press, ''About the Author: Humanism and Democratic Criticism'', 2004.〕 Editorially, Prof. Said served as president of the Modern Language Association; as editor of the ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; on the executive board of International PEN; in the American Academy of Arts and Letters; in the Royal Society of Literature; in the Council of Foreign Relations;〔 and he was a member of the American Philosophical Society.〔Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin, Eds., ''The Edward Saïd Reader'', Vintage, 2000, pp. xv.〕 In 1993, Said presented the BBC’s annual Reith Lectures, a six-lecture series titled ''Representation of the Intellectual'', wherein he examined the role of the public intellectual in contemporary society, which the BBC published in 2011.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=BBC )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Edward Said」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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